Cervical cancer: Signs, symptoms and why screening matters

Cervical cancer remains a serious health concern, ranking as the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide.

In the UK, around 3,200 new cases are diagnosed every year, according to the latest figures from Cancer Research UK.

The good news? Research shows that 99% of cervical cancer cases in the UK are preventable.

So, what can you do to protect yourself? And what signs should you look out for?

This Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, we’re breaking down everything you need to know – from symptoms and screening to lifestyle tips that can help reduce your risk.

What is cervical cancer and what causes it?

Cervical cancer can affect anyone with a cervix and 99% of all cases being caused by the common human papillomavirus (HPV).

“Most people will contract HPV at some point in their lives,” says Dr Yvonne Umebuani Beresford, Vitality’s Medical Director.

However, in most cases, the immune system clears HPV naturally.

“If I hadn’t gone for my smear test I would have been in a much worse scenario”

Kirsten Randerson, Vitality member

But sometimes, the virus causes abnormal changes in cervical cells, which can develop into cancer if left untreated.

Umebuani Beresford explains: “The virus sometimes causes the cells of the cervix to become abnormal, which occasionally can develop into cancer.

“Generally, our bodies can get rid of these abnormal cells and the cervix will return to normal, and in most cases, our immune systems can get rid of the HPV virus.”

Why screening matters

One of the most effective ways to prevent cervical cancer is through regular screening.

In the UK, the NHS invites women and people with a cervix aged 25 to 64 for routine smear tests.

It’s a quick, simple procedure that could save your life – yet more than 30% of eligible people still do not attend their screening appointments, according to NHS data from 2025.

That works out at around five million women not up to date on their cervical screening.

Some of the reasons cited by women for not attending their appointments, according to NHS England, include:

• Embarrassment about the procedure
• Fear of the results
• Previous pain or discomfort
• Cultural barriers

8 things you should know about your smear test | Magazine | Vitality

Vitality member Kirsten Randerson knows first-hand how important screening is: “If I hadn’t gone for my smear test, I would have been in a much worse scenario if I’d gone a year [or even] six months later,” she says.

Fear of discomfort or embarrassment is one of the main reasons people skip their screening.

But as Randerson says: “I know it’s not the most dignified thing in the world, but if you can catch it early, you could have a similar experience to me: going back to regular exercise and getting back to work as soon as possible.”

Read Randerson’s story: A cervical cancer survival story | Magazine | Vitality

Signs and symptoms of cervical cancer

Cervical cancer often doesn’t cause symptoms in its early stages, which is why screening is so important. However, there are signs to watch out for:

Common symptoms

• Unusual vaginal bleeding – after sex, between periods, or after menopause
• Pelvic pain
• Pain during sex
• Foul-smelling vaginal discharge

Less common symptoms

• Persistent pelvic pain unrelated to your menstrual cycle
• Feeling bloated or full without a clear reason
• Pain radiating to the legs or back
• Groin pain
• Difficulty urinating or having bowel movements
• Fatigue and unexplained weight loss

These symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, so it’s important to consult a healthcare professional if you notice anything unusual.

Testing, testing

Despite being one of the most effective ways to prevent cervical cancer, screening attendance remains a challenge.

But the reality is simple: screening saves lives.

It can detect abnormal cells early, before they develop into cancer, allowing for timely treatment and better outcomes.

“Early detection means a better chance of survival and recovery,” says Umebuani Beresford.

“Attending your screening appointment is one of the most important things you can do for your health.”

Lifestyle factors and prevention tips

While screening is the most effective preventive measure, certain lifestyle choices can also influence your risk of cervical cancer.

“The main risk factor is not a lifestyle factor but the HPV infection,” Vitality wellbeing expert and registered nutritionist, James Vickers confirms.

Because of this, it’s important to make sure our bodies are equipped to fight infection.

“Consuming vitamins and minerals in our diet can support our immune system to fight off infection.

“Eating a variety of fruits and vegetables and a balanced diet including protein, dairy and fats will support our bodies to carry out immune functions effectively,” Vickers explains.

“Eating a balanced diet of whole foods and minimally processed foods along with consuming adequate fibre in your diet can help maintain a healthy weight too.”

Why not try our gut-friendly chicken, creamy leeks and butter beans recipe

Meanwhile, Umebuani Beresford says: “Increasing your exercise, such as through regular walking, can boost your physical fitness and mental wellbeing.”

These positive lifestyle changes can support your treatment and recovery process if you are faced with a diagnosis.

Treatment and support

An early diagnosis means a better chance of survival and recovery, as Randerson’s story depicts.

Treatment for cervical cancer depends on the stage but will usually involve surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

Your general health also plays a part in the type of treatment your oncologist will recommend.

“It’s helpful to write down any questions, thoughts and concerns to bring to your consultations as it may be difficult to remember everything,” suggests Umebuani Beresford.

“Prevention is the most important thing in the world”

Kirsten Randerson, Vitality member

She also recommends using trusted websites such as Cancer Research UK and Macmillan when researching your diagnosis and treatment.

“It’s important to seek support from family and friends during this difficult time for your emotional wellbeing,” she adds.

“Research also shows that emotional support from loved ones can make a significant difference in your journey.”

How to reduce your risk

The thought of cervical cancer can be daunting but remember: it’s highly preventable. Here’s what you can do:

As Randerson says: “Prevention is the most important thing in the world, and it takes such little of your time.

“But the outcome can save your life.”

Key takeaway

Cervical cancer is largely preventable, and early detection is crucial.

Make your health a priority: book your screening when you’re invited to do so, maintain a healthy lifestyle and seek support when and if you need it.

Related: Why are so many young people being diagnosed with cancer?